Cómo se elige al presidente de EE.UU.

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Las elecciones presidenciales en EE.UU., que se celebran cada cuatro años, implican un proceso complejo que incluye varias etapas y dura casi dos años, según la descripción del sitio web del Gobierno estadounidense. El día de la votación para elegir al próximo mandatario del país se realiza el primer martes posterior al primer lunes de noviembre y este año será el 5 de noviembre.

El proceso para elegir al presidente de EE.UU. empieza en la primavera del año anterior al de las elecciones, cuando los aspirantes hacen públicas sus intenciones de postularse o registran su candidatura en la Comisión Federal Electoral (FEC, por sus siglas en inglés). 

Según la Constitución de EE.UU., los requisitos para convertirse en candidato a la presidencia son siguientes:

  • ser ciudadano de EE.UU. por nacimiento,
  • haber cumplido los 35 años,
  • haber vivido en el territorio nacional 14 años.
Trump

Desde el verano anterior y hasta la primavera del año electoral, se celebran los debates de las elecciones primarias y las reuniones privadas de los partidos políticos, también conocidas como caucus. Luego, se realizan las primarias en los estados y las asambleas de partido.

En las elecciones primarias, que tienen lugar entre seis y nueve meses antes de las presidenciales, los votantes eligen a su candidato de forma anónima y secreta. Las primarias se rigen por los gobiernos estatales y locales, de manera que el estado toma en cuenta sus resultados para otorgar una determinada cantidad de delegados a los ganadores.

El caucus de nominación presidencial se organiza a nivel de condado o distrito electoral, y también con el fin de elegir al candidato del partido, solo que los asistentes lo hacen tras formar grupos según el aspirante al que apoyan, y tratan de que sus oponentes se unan a ellos. Como resultado, el número de votantes en cada grupo determina cuántos delegados ganó cada contendiente. Estos eventos tienen lugar en los meses previos a las elecciones presidenciales en varios estados.  

Los delegados pueden ser miembros activos del partido, líderes y personas que apoyan al candidato del partido. Además, hay superdelegados (delegados no comprometidos). El número de los delegados en las elecciones primarias o caucus depende del estado y de las reglas del partido.

Al terminar las elecciones primarias y los caucus, se determina cuántos delegados ganó cada postulante y estos se dirigen a la convención nacional del partido, que se celebra entre julio y principios de septiembre del año electoral.

En las convenciones nacionales, los delegados comprometidos deben apoyar al candidato que se les asigna en las primarias o caucus, mientras los superdelegados pueden apoyar al candidato presidencial de su preferencia.

Así, los partidos políticos finalizan el proceso de selección de su candidato presidencial, que es el que ganó la mayoría de los delegados por votación durante las primarias estatales y caucus. 

Si ninguno de los aspirantes logra la mayoría de los delegados, la convención nacional se considera ‘disputada’. Entonces, los delegados realizan una o más rondas de votación hasta que un postulante obtiene la mayoría. 

El candidato del partido ratificado en la convención nacional anuncia quién será su compañero de fórmula para el cargo de vicepresidente. 

Harris

Los nombres de los candidatos de los principales partidos políticos se incluyen en la boleta electoral de las elecciones generales. Los candidatos independientes o de formaciones más pequeñas también pueden participar si cumplen con los requisitos de cada estado.

Una vez confirmados en la convención nacional, los candidatos siguen con su campaña electoral y participan en los debates: un acontecimiento a gran escala para ganar el apoyo de los votantes indecisos, argumentar sus líneas políticas ante todo el país, así como competir en elocuencia.

La importancia de los debates presidenciales quedó en evidencia este año, cuando el excandidato demócrata y actual presidente de EE.UU., Joe Biden, se enfrentó en un duelo verbal con su rival republicano, Donald Trump, y perdió el apoyo de demócratas clave. Así, después de ese cara a cara, se escucharon llamamientos para que se retirara de la carrera presidencial, lo que finalmente hizo, al respaldar la candidatura de su vicepresidenta, Kamala Harris.

Los ciudadanos estadounidenses inscritos para votar acuden a las urnas para votar en las elecciones presidenciales generales el día designado. Sin embargo, el período se amplía para incluir otras categorías, como voto en ausencia, por correo y anticipado.

Con ello, los electores tienen derecho a:

  • expresar su voto, aunque no hayan votado en las elecciones primarias de su estado;
  • votar por cualquier candidato presidencial, sin relación con el partido que eligieron al registrarse para votar o al que apoyaron en votaciones anteriores.

El resultado final de las elecciones presidenciales en EE.UU. no depende directamente del sufragio ciudadano, ya que la fórmula ganadora se determina por el voto de los electores: parte de un proceso —no un lugar— llamado Colegio Electoral, que fue establecido en la Constitución de EE.UU. con el fin de “encontrar un punto medio entre el voto popular del ciudadano y la votación del Congreso”, explica el Gobierno.

El proceso del Colegio Electoral incluye:

  • selección de los electores,
  • reunión de los electores para votar por el presidente y vicepresidente,
  • conteo de los votos de los electores por parte del Congreso de EE.UU.

Cada estado tiene tantos electores como miembros en la Cámara de Representantes y Senado: existen 538 electores en total, incluyendo los tres del distrito de Columbia (Washington D.C.). Se eligen por partido político, pero los requisitos de quién, cómo y cuándo participa como elector varían en cada estado.

Después de que los ciudadanos estadounidenses participan en la elección presidencial, su voto pasa al conteo estatal. Con ello, “en 48 estados y el distrito federal de Washington, el ganador consigue todos los votos electorales de ese estado. Maine y Nebraska asignan a sus electores con un sistema proporcional”, se detalla.

Al mismo tiempo, para ganar, el candidato debe obtener el voto de al menos 270 electores (más de la mitad). El triunfador de las presidenciales, generalmente, se proyecta cuando termina el conteo de los votos de los ciudadanos en la noche del mismo día de las elecciones.

Gore
Biden

No obstante, el resultado final se conoce a mediados de diciembre con los votos del Colegio Electoral, cuando los electores se reúnen en sus estados. Así, puede resultar que un candidato gana el voto popular, pero pierde la elección, o al revés. 

“Es importante recordar que el presidente no se elige mediante el voto popular nacional. El total de votos del Colegio Electoral determina al ganador, no la pluralidad estadística o la mayoría que un candidato pueda tener en el total de votos populares nacionales. Los votos por elector se otorgan en función d+el voto popular en cada estado”, explican desde el Gobierno de EE.UU.

En 2016, 2000 y un par de veces en el siglo XIX, se registraron situaciones en las que el candidato que obtuvo la mayor cantidad de votos a nivel nacional no ganó las elecciones presidenciales.

Así, en las elecciones presidenciales de 2000, George W. Bush recibió menos votos populares que Albert Gore Jr., pero obtuvo la mayoría de los votos de los electores, de modo que se convirtió en presidente. En las elecciones de 2016, el candidato republicano, Donald Trump, logró menos sufragios ciudadanos que su rival demócrata, Hillary Clinton, pero como alcanzó la mayoría entre los electores, ganó.

Si ninguno obtiene la mayoría de los sufragios de los electores, el ganador es elegido por la Cámara de Representantes entre los tres candidatos más votados por los propios electores. Luego, el Senado elige al vicepresidente de entre los dos candidatos a la vicepresidencia con más votos electorales. 

Generalmente, a principios de enero del año siguiente al de las elecciones, el Congreso cuenta los votos de los electores, determina quién es el ganador y el 20 de enero el presidente electo se convierte en el nuevo mandatario de EE.UU., en el Día de la Inauguración Presidencial.

 


PrisioneroEnArgentina.com

Julio 18, 2026


 

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  67. References:

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    • Carlos Fernandez
    • posted on July 18, 2026

    En el ulimo año eligieron pal cul

    • Yogaboy
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    There is a reason we have the electoral college it’s to make sure that minority groups are heard and our country isn’t run by majority rule. If oliticians think the system is broken then they should stop gerrymandering.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 30, 2024

      Yes. And many other reasons.

    • Bobby V.
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    As a independent, if the electoral college and state representation gets abolished Democrats is almost guaranteed to dominate future elections because of their party’s strength are centered on dense suburban and urban areas.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 30, 2024

      Yes.

    • Barbie
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    I propose a different solution. 308 million+ electors who represent one individual. Then you count them all and see which candidate got the majority and make that candidate president.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 30, 2024

      You are terrible wrong! The Union has no there own citizens, they are from the States that establish teh Union.

    • Mark Odenstaag
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    Let’s see. When the country was preparing to adopt the constitution there was a problem. The small states were afraid that joining the union would permanently put their political control into the hands of the large states. Many people do not know that just a few years before the revolution people from Vermont and New York were shooting at each other. The Green Mountain Boys of Fort Ticonderoga fame was originally organized to fight New Yorkers. If they had not found the compromise of the electoral college and a senate with equal representation for each state, there may never have been a constitution or a United States. If we abolish these protections for small states, I fear it could lead again to serious conflicts between large and small states.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 30, 2024

      You are absolutely right!

    • Reversal of Fortune
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    Abolishing the electoral college will force both parties to campaign seriously in all states for elections, and to create platforms that don’t necessarily just cater to their states of choice. It would change politics as we know it for the better and would force more of our representatives to actually try to represent all of us, and not just some of us. It would also water down how polarized our two-party system has become.

      • Broderick Safi
      • posted on October 29, 2024

      The Electoral College reminds me of one of those rules your friend throws out when they’re about to lose the game to you.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 30, 2024

      You are wrong. The Union is made up of States that have their own peoples and citizens. National political parties should not have a say in the election of presidents.

    • My_World_View
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    France had their revolution at about the same time as the U.S. Constitution was being ratified. France chose to pursue a more “democratic” system rather than the republic established by the United States. Over the last 230 years, our system has continued to give stability to a great nation of unified states that represent people of different regions, values, and points of view. France however has had to “reboot” five times and put up with dictators, weak leaders, and pandering. No human designed system will make everyone happy all the time, but the proof is in the results.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 30, 2024

      You are right. The difference between France and the U.S. is abysmal. They fight against absolute monarchy, clergy and nobles based on burgeoisie.
      The U.S. fight for freedom with the Common Sense of Thomas Payne and Benjamin Franklin action.

    • golden unicorn yelling
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    The electoral college reflects the Congress.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 30, 2024

      Should reflects the States, not the Congress.

    • Memory kotoane
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    in all five cases where the candidate with the most votes lost the election, the candidate was a Democrat. Except for 1824, but that candidate would later found the Democratic Party

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 30, 2024

      That’s not the question.

    • Bizancio
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    Muy buena nota Fabián

    • Captain America
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    The Union is a Union of States that have their own people.
    Each state must have an elector, voted in that state with its own political parties.
    Without participation of national political parties.
    The electors can choose the president from among themselves or whoever they consider most qualified to be president of the Union among all citizens who meet the requirements of the constitution.

      • Bob Brooks
      • posted on October 29, 2024

      Correct. It is a Representative Democracy.

    • Captain America
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    “The voting day to elect the country’s next president takes place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.” It’s a bit complicated: every Monday is followed by a Tuesday.

    “El día de la votación para elegir al próximo mandatario del país se realiza el primer martes posterior al primer lunes de noviembre”. Ganas de complicar: a todo lunes le sigue un martes.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 29, 2024

      There are 3 requirements, it is not a requirement to register with the FEC, obviously.

        • Chick Clemmons
        • posted on October 29, 2024

        Well, you can register as independent.

      • Mike Rivers
      • posted on October 29, 2024

      Means that if the month starts on Tuesday, you gotta wait until the first Tuesday after a Monday.

        • Captain America
        • posted on October 29, 2024

        Ok! Understood, but why? Why not this first Tuesday.

            • Captain America
            • posted on October 30, 2024

            Very good explanation. Thank you!

    • Daily Brain
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    People that study politics, favor us getting rid of the electoral college, I’m truly calling BS on that.

      • Mike Rivers
      • posted on October 29, 2024

      No politician wants to do that … remember Gerrymandering is a powerful tool.

        • Captain America
        • posted on October 29, 2024

        You are right Mike.

    • Deyka Rush
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    The US was intended to be a union of “states” that are almost seen as independent countries. People need to understand the historical context behind the electoral college. Up until about world war 2, it was usually state first, country second. In other words, the US was supposed to be similar to the EU. Just with a more limited government.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 29, 2024

      You are right

    • frank
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    We live in a representative republic, not a democracy. The electoral college is part of the system of checks and balances allowing each state to have a voice. This is an issue that could actually spark a full on civil war, but the democrats started the first one, so I don’t think they’d have a problem starting the next.

      • aphrodite_*_5959
      • posted on October 29, 2024

      Yup. Not a democracy.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 29, 2024

      You are right.

    • john-philip chieng
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    Sorry we DO NOT live in a democracy. We live in a constitutional REPUBLIC.

      • Captain America
      • posted on October 29, 2024

      You are right.

    • joe "guchs" guccio
    • posted on October 29, 2024

    The election of the president of the United STATES is elected by the STATES within that union. It’s not called president of the United most people.
    The electoral college is the least of our worries when it comes to election reform. Single transferable vote is far superior to our current system and there is no downside to changing it. Also making election day a federal holiday for the sake of higher turnout simply makes sense and has very little negative consequences.

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